Anonymity is not something which was invented with the Internet. Anonymity and pseudonymity has occurred throughout history. For example, William Shakespeare is probably a pseudonym, and the real name of this【C1】________author is not known and will probably never be known.

Anonymity has been used for many purposes. A well-known person may use a pseudonym to write messages, where the person does not want people’ s【C2】_____of the real author【C3】__their perception of the message. Also other people may want to【C4】__certain information about themselves in order to achieve a more【C5】__evaluation of their messages. A case in point is that in history it has been【C6】__that women used male pseudonyms, and for Jews to use pseudonyms in societies where their【C7】__was persecuted. Anonymity is often used to protect the【C8】_____of people, for example when reporting results of a scientific study, when describing individual cases.

Many countries even have laws which protect anonymity in certain circumstances. For instance, a person may, in many countries, consult a priest, doctor or lawyer and【C9】_____personal information which is protected. In some cases,【C10】__confession in catholic churches, the confession booth is specially 【C11】__to allow people to consult a priest,【C12】_____seeing him face to face.

The anonymity in【C13】_____situations is however not always 100％. If a person tells a lawyer that he plans a 【C14】__crime, some countries allow or even【C15】__that the lawyer tell the【C16】__. The decision to do so is not easy, since people who tell a priest or a psychologist that they plan a crime, may often do this to 【C17】_____their feeling more than their real intention.

Many countries have laws protecting the anonymity of tip-offs to newspapers. It is regarded as【C18】________ that people can give tips to newspapers about abuse, even though they are dependent【C19】_____the organization they are criticizing and do not dare reveal their real name. Advertisement in personal sections in newspapers are also always signed by a pseudonym for【C20】_____reasons.

【C3】