Parents and teachers want children to grow up to be happy and successful. In other words, we want children to【C1】_____. As adults, we often think success will make us happy. A vast array of research,【C2】__, indicates happiness precedes success in adults, and achievements do not always make adults happier. Until recently, no research considered whether happiness during childhood or even infancy might【C3】__adult success. A new study found that happiness during infancy predicted childhood IQ and adult【C4】_____success.

To【C5】_____happiness and its benefits, researchers look at how often children (or adults) experience positive and negative emotions.【C6】__, positive emotions like joy or love increase creativity, problem-solving and kindness. Thus, the more children experience positive emotions, the more time they【C7】__playing, learning and socializing.【C8】__, children experiencing more negative emotions like sadness or anger will have 【C9】__opportunities to learn because they are focused on getting rid【C10】_____or avoiding whatever is bothering them.

Thus, happiness precedes success because the more children experience positive emotions, the more time they spend building【C11】________and relationships that help them in the future.

In the 29-year study, the Fullerton Longitudinal Study (FLS) was used. In 1978 the FLS research team 【C12】_____130 parents with babies for a study that now has run for more than 30 years. Early on, parents reported on their【C13】__(for instance, education level, employment). When each baby was 18 months old, one parent reported how often her or his baby expressed positive and negative emotions and researchers【C14】_____ the infant’s IQ. When babies were children (ages 6 to 8), they【C15】_____IQ tests. When babies had grown【C16】_____ 29-year-old adults, they reported how many years of education they had completed and their life【C17】________.

As expected, the study found that infant positive emotions, but not negative emotions, predicted adult educational success at age 29, and these differences were not explained by socioeconomic status (SES) or IQ【C18】_____infancy. In short,【C19】__intelligence during infancy or parents’ wealth, happier babies were more 【C20】_____to graduate from high school and college.

【C20】