[A] approach [B] automatically [C] available [D] contribution [E] convert

[F] distribution [G] implies [H] obligation [I] occurs [J] overall

[K] preferences [L] primarily [M] prior [N] qualify [O] significant

To understand the marketing concept, it is only necessary to understand the difference between marketing and selling. Not too many years ago, most industries concentrated【C1】_____on the efficient production of goods, and then relied on “persuasive salesmanship” to move as much of these goods as possible. Such production and selling focus on the needs of the seller to produce goods and then【C2】_____them into money.

Marketing, on the other hand,【C3】_____that emphasis is placed on the wants of consumers. It begins with analyzing the【C4】__and demands of consumers and then producing goods that will satisfy them. This eye-on- the-consumer【C5】__is known as the marketing concept. It simply means that instead of trying to sell whatever is easier to produce, the makers first try to find out what the consumer wants to buy and then go about making it【C6】__for purchase. Every step—design, production,【C7】_____, promotion—is made according to consumer demand.

This concept does not mean that consumer satisfaction is【C8】_____to profit in a company. There are always two sides to every business activity—the firm and the consumer—and each must be satisfied before trade【C9】__. Successful merchants and producers, however, recognize that the surest route to profit is through understanding customers. When Coca Cola changed the flavor of its drink in mid-1985, the non-acceptance by a【C10】_____portion of the public brought about a quick restoration of the Classic Coke. This is a good example of the importance of satisfying consumers.

[A] access [B] component [C] comprehensive [D] diagnose [E] extent

[F] extreme [G] incalculable [H] initially [I] neglected [J] potential

[K] practically [L] replaced [M] staff [N] threatened [O] vulnerable

Computer experts have been gripped by fear of a dangerous illness. It is highly infectious, difficult to 【C1】________and in many cases impossible to cure.

It is not computer experts or programming【C2】_____who are likely to be affected, but rather the electronic data banks themselves. Computer programmes are【C3】__by a computer “virus” that can pull down entire computer networks once it has been secretly brought into the system. The viruses were【C4】_____quite harmless.

Amateur computer enthusiasts secretly brought them into big electronic systems, where they showed up as little messages or games. Such spectacular cases of computer espionage have shown that the big data banks are efficient, but also【C5】________.

Many experts complain that computer safety has been【C6】_____for too long. By threatening to place a computer virus into the heart of the electronic data system, a large company could be put under【C7】__pressure. The damage by computer viruses is already【C8】__. The secret thing about computer viruses is that if they are well programmed they will spread throughout the entire system unnoticed. Bit by bit they infect the programmes that they have【C9】_____to and then one day they jump into action all at once.

And there seems to be hardly any countermeasures. The chance of finding a computer virus in an electronic system without【C10】________know-how and technical programme assistance is practically zero.

[A] adjustments [B] attraction [C] compared [D] disabled [E] involved

[F] lifestyles [G] outlook [H] pessimistic [I] primarily [J] related

[K] releasing [L] significantly [M] suffering [N] surviving [O] unhappy

Studies suggest optimists live longer and enjoy better health than pessimists. The real mystery is why. Highly optimistic people have【C1】_____lower death rates. People with positive emotions have lower blood pressure. The most【C2】__men are more than twice as likely to develop heart disease【C3】_____with the most optimistic.

But is it optimism that makes people healthy, or do healthy people understandably have a brighter【C4】________?

To get a better handle on things, scientists have adjusted their analysis in recent years to count pre-existing medical conditions. Studies that made these【C5】________found that existing illnesses don’t negate the benefits of optimism.

In one example of explaining how humans keep their spirits up, researchers found older people【C6】_____various illnesses still said they thought they were aging well. Another study found that the sick and【C7】_____don’t wallow in misery as is commonly believed.

But why is optimism so beneficial? Perhaps optimists enjoy better health and longer lives because they lead healthier【C8】_____, build stronger social support networks, and get better medical care, the Health Watch article suggested. Also, stress is known to kill,【C9】__hormones that cause deterioration (恶化) of everything from your gums to your heart. Optimists might have lower levels of stress hormones. More study is needed, the Health Watch article says, because it’s likely that multiple mechanisms are【C10】_____.