It is of course true that in a certain sense the individual is

predestined to talk, but that is due entirely to the circumstance, that is,

he is born not merely in nature, but in the lap of a society that is

certain, reasonably certain, to lead him to their traditions. Eliminate 【M1】__________

society and it is every reason to believe that he will learn to walk, and, 【M2】__________

indeed, he will survive at all. But it is just as certain as that he will never 【M3】__________

learn to talk, that is, to communicate ideas according to the tradition 【M4】__________

system of a particular society. Or, again, remove the newborn

individual from the social environment into which he has come and

transplant him to an utterly alien one. He will develop the art of

walking in his new environment very much as he will have developed it 【M5】__________

in the old. But his speech will completely at variance with the speech of 【M6】__________

his native environment. Walking, then, is a general human activity that

varies only within circumscribed limits as we pass from individual to

individual. Its variability is voluntary and purposeless. Speech is a human 【M7】__________

activity that varies without assignable limit as we pass from social group

to social group, because it is a pure historical heritage of the group, the 【M8】__________

product of long-continued social usage. It varies as all creative effort

varies—not as consciously, perhaps, but none the less as truly as do the

religions, the beliefs, the customs, and the arts of different people. 【M9】__________

Walking is an organic, an instinctive function (not, of course, itself an

instinct); speech is a non-instinctive, acquiring, “cultural” function. 【M10】_________

All people have some ability to manage their health and the health

of those they care for. Meanwhile, with the increasing complexity of 【M1】__________

health information and health care settings, most people need additional

information, skills, and supportive relationships to follow their health 【M2】__________

needs.

Disparities in access to health information, services, and

technology can result in low usage rates of preventive services, less 【M3】__________

knowledge of chronic disease management, higher rates of

hospitalization, and poorer reporting health status. 【M4】__________

Both public and private institutions are increasingly using the

Internet and the other technologies to streamline the delivery of health 【M5】__________

information and services. This results in even greater need for health 【M6】__________

professionals to develop additional skills in the understanding and use of

consumer health information.

The increase in online health information and services challenge 【M7】__________

users with limited literacy skills or limited experience using the Internet.

For many of these users, the Internet is stressful and overwhelming—

even accessible. Much of this stress can be reduced through the 【M8】_________

application of evidence-based best practices in user-centered design.

In addition, despite increased access to technology, other forms of

communication are essential to ensure that everyone, including non-Web 【M9】__________

users, is able to obtain, process, and understand health information to

make good healthy decisions. These include printed materials, media 【M10】_________

campaigns, community outreach, and interpersonal communication.

Had Dr. Johnson written his own life, in conform with the opinion 【M1】__________

which he has given, that every man’s life may be best written by

himself; had he employed in the preservation of his own history, that

clearness of narration and elegance of language in which he has

embalmed so many eminent persons, the world would probably have the 【M2】__________

most perfect example of biography that was ever exhibited. But although

he at different times, in a desultory manner, committed to write many 【M3】__________

particulars of the progress of his mind and fortunes, he never had

persevering diligence enough to form them into the regular composition. 【M4】__________

Of these memorials a few have been preserved; but the great part was 【M5】__________

consigned by him to the flames, a few days before his death.

As I had the honour of enjoying his friendship for twenty years; as I

had the scheme of writing his life constant in view; as he was well 【M6】__________

apprised by this circumstance, and from time to time obligingly satisfied 【M7】__________

my enquiries, by communicating to me the incidents of his early years;

as I acquired a facility in recollecting, and was very assiduous in

recording, his conversation, of what the extraordinary vigour and 【M8】__________

vivacity constituted one of the first features of his character; and as I

have spared many pains in obtaining materials concerning him, from 【M9】__________

every quarter where I could discover that they were to be found. and

have been favoured with the most liberal communications by his friends;

I flatter myself that few biographers have entered into upon such a work 【M10】_________

as this, with more advantages; independent of literary abilities, in

which I am not vain enough to compare myself with some great names

who have gone before me in this kind of writing.