Some children are backward in speaking. Most often the reason for

this is that the mother is insensible to the signals of the infant, whose 【M1】__________

brain is programmed to learn language rapidly. If these sensitive periods

are neglected, the ideal time for acquiring skills passes and they might

never be learned so easily again. A bird learns to sing and to fly rapidly

at the right time, but the process is slow and hard once the critic stage 【M2】__________

has passed.

Experts suggest that speech stages are reached at a fixed sequence 【M3】__________

and at a constant age, but there are cases that speech has started late in 【M4】__________

a child who eventually turns out to be high IQ. 【M5】__________

Recent evidence suggests that an infant is born with a capacity to 【M6】__________

speak. What is special about man’s brain, compared with this of the 【M7】__________

monkey, is the complex system which enables a child to connect the

sight and feel of. say, a toy-bear with the sound pattern “toy-bear”.

And even more incredible is that the young brain’s ability to pick out an 【M8】__________

order in language from the hubbub of sound around him, to analyze, to

combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways.

But speech has to be induced, and this depends on interaction

between the mother and the child, where the mother recognizes the

signals in the child’s babbling, grasping and smiling, and responding to 【M9】__________

them. Insensitivity of the mother to these signals dull the interaction 【M10】_________

because the child gets discouraged and sends out only the obvious

signals.

The land of apple pie and baseball—the United States of America.

Of course we all know there is more to America than apple pie and

baseball. Here are more about the culture of the US. The American 【M1】__________

society is a blend of native Americans as well as the large number of 【M2】__________

immigrants from various countries like Ireland, Germany, Poland,

Italy, Latin America, Asia and Africa. Having gone through a phase of

race discrimination, the United States of America today recognizes four 【M3】__________

races in the country—Native American, African-American, Asian and

European American.

The minority of the US includes Protestant Christians. The 【M4】__________

percentage of Catholics is slightly less than the Protestants. In addition to

this, a number of people in the US have also adopted the other religions. 【M5】__________

In the early years American art and literature took most of their 【M6】__________

ideas and influences from European artists. During the late eighteenth

and the early nineteenth centuries, American paintings primarily

included landscapes and portraits with a realistic style. The Industrial 【M7】__________

Revolution was responsible for new influences thereafter. American

literature is also known for the development of popular literary genres

such as ruthless crime fiction.

As far as dance is concerning, the US has its share of dance 【M8】__________

varieties like the trademark Lindy Hop and its derivative Rock and Roll.

There are also the modern square dance and the modern dance. In

addition to this, there is a wide influence of several African-American

dances. The United States of America does not have an official

international language as such. However the majority of American 【M9】__________

population speaks English. Owing the large number of immigrants from 【M10】_________

Spain, Spanish is the second-most common language in America.

There are several possible relationships between language and

society. One is that social structure may either influence or determine

linguistic structure and behavior.

Certain evidence may support this view: age-grading phenomenon 【M1】__________

whereby young children speak differently from older children and, in a 【M2】__________

turn, children speak differently from mature adults; studies which show

that the varieties of language that speakers use reflect such matters like 【M3】__________

their regional, social, or ethnic origin and possibly even their sex (or

gender); and other studies which show that particular ways of speaking,

choices of words, and even rules for conversing are in fact highly

determined by certain social requirements.

A second possible relationship is directly opposed the first: linguistic【M4】__________

structure and behavior may either influence or determine social

structure.

A third possible relationship is that the influence is bi-directional:

language and society may influence each other.

A fourth possibility is to assume that there is no relationship at all

between linguistic structure and social structure and that every is 【M5】__________

independent of the other. A variant of this possibility would be to say

that, because there might be some such relationship, present attempts to 【M6】__________

characterize it is essentially premature, given what we know about both 【M7】__________

language and society. Actually, this variant view appears to be the one

which Chomsky himself holds: he prefers to develop an asocial 【M8】__________

linguistics as a preliminary to many other kind of linguistics, such an 【M9】__________

asocial approach being, in his view, logically superior. 【M10】_________