The newborn can see the difference between various shapes and

patterns from birth. He prefers patterns for dull or bright solid colors 【M1】_________

and looks longer at stripes and angles than at circular patterns. Within

three weeks, however, his preference shifts dramatic to the human 【M2】_________

face.

Why should a baby with so little visual experience attend more to

human face than to any other kind of patterns? Some scientists think this 【M3】_________

preference represents a built-in advantage for the human species. The

object in prime importance to the physically helpless infant is a human 【M4】_________

being. Babies seem to have a natural tendency to the human face as

potentially awarding. Researchers also point out that the newborn wisely 【M5】_________

relies more on patterns than on outline, size, or color. Patterns remain

stable and outline changes with point of view; size, with distance from 【M6】_________

an object; and brightness and color, with lighting.

Mothers have always claimed that they could see their newborns

looking at them as they held them, despite what they have told. The 【M7】_________

experts who thought that perception had to await physical development

and the consequence of action were wrong for several reasons. Earlier

research techniques were less sophisticated than what they are today. 【M8】_________

Physical skills were once used to indicate perception of objects—skills

like visual tracking and reaching for an object, both of them the 【M9】_________

newborn does poorly. Then, too, assumptions that the newborn’s eyes

and brain was too immature for anything as sophisticated as pattern 【M10】________

recognition caused opposing data to be thrown away. Since perception of

forms was widely believed to follow perception of more “basic” qualities

such as color and brightness, the possibility of its presence from birth

was rejected.

Peanuts are one of the world’s most nutritious foods.

Peanuts contain pound to pound more protein, vitamins, and 【M1】_________

minerals than beef liver and more fat than heavy cream.

For approximately 5% of Americans, however, peanuts are not so

beneficial; in fact, they’re potential deadly. 【M2】_________

Between 1% and 2% of American adults suffer from food allergies.

A food allergy occurs when particular proteins in certain foods

trigger an immune system response, resulting from various symptoms. 【M3】_________

Many foods can cause allergic reactions ranged from mild to severe, but 【M4】_________

peanuts trigger notoriously fierce allergic responses.

People allergic to peanuts can experience hives, dizziness, a rapid

heartbeat, and in the worst cases, death.

Although only a small percentage of people have peanut allergies,

they account of 50% of all food related deaths. 【M5】_________

It may seem implausible that is so much harm can result from such a 【M6】_________

seemingly innocent, useful food. However, it’s the peanut’s usefulness

that makes it so dangerous.

Peanuts and peanut products are used in a wide variety of packaged

foods, but are not always listed as the ingredient. Since it’s possible for 【M7】_________

even the slighter trace of peanut protein to trigger an allergic reaction, 【M8】_________

these hidden ingredients can cause considerate harm. In some cases, 【M9】_________

even kissing a person who’s just eaten a “peanuty” food can be

dangerous.

If you have a peanut allergy, never assume that foods are made with 【M10】________

peanuts. Call the manufacturer and find out. Also, before you move in

for a kiss, make sure that he or she is peanut-free.

Many of the most flexible examples of tool use in animals come

from primates (the order that includes humans, apes, and monkeys).

For example, many wild primates use objects to threaten outsiders. And 【M1】________

there are many examples of tool use by the other mammals, as well as by 【M2】________

birds and other types of animals.

Tools are used by many species in the capture or preparation of

food. Chimpanzees use sticks and poles to bring up ants and termites (白 【M3】________

蚁) from their hiding places. Among the most complex tool use

observing in the wild is the use of stones by Ivory Coast chimpanzees to 【M4】_________

crack nuts open. They select a large flat stone as anvil (a heavy block on 【M5】_________

which to place the nuts) and a smaller stone as a hammer. Stones

suitable for use as anvils are not easy to find, but often a chimpanzee 【M6】_________

may carry a haul of nuts more than 40 meters to find a suitable anvil.

The use of tools in chimpanzees is especially interesting while these 【M7】_________

animals sometimes modify tools to make them better suited their 【M8】_________

intended purpose. To make a twig more effective for digging out

termites, for example, a chimp may first strip it of its leaves.

Surprisingly, there is also a species of bird that use sticks to probe 【M9】_________

holes in the search for insects. One of the species of Galapagos finch

(雀类), the woodpecker finch, picks up or breaks off a twig, cactus

spine, or leaf stem. This primitive tool is then held in their beak and 【M10】________

used to probe for insects in holes in trees that the bird cannot probe

directly with its beak. Birds have been seen to carry twigs from tree to

tree searching for prey.