We use language every day. We live in a world of words. Hardly

any moment passes with someone talking, writing or reading. Indeed, 【M1】________

language is most essential to mankind. Our life increasingly depends

on fast and successful use of language. Strangely enough, we know more 【M2】________

about things around us than that of ourselves. For example, language is 【M3】_________

species-specific, that is, it is language that differs human from animals. 【M4】_________

However, we do not know yet how exactly we inquire language and how 【M5】_________

it is possible for us to perceive through language; so do we understand 【M6】_________

precisely the relationships between language and thought, language and

logic, or language and culture; still more, how and when language 【M7】_________

started. One reason in this inadequate knowledge of language is that we, 【M8】_________

language users, take too many things for granted. Language comes to

every normal person so naturally that a few of us stop to question what 【M9】_________

language is, much less do we feel the necessity to study it. Language is

far more complex than most people have probably imagined and the

necessity to study it is much greater than some people may have

assumed. Linguistics is a branch of science which takes language like its 【M10】________

object of investigation.

No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and

amateurs in science: exceptions can not be found to any rule. 【M1】_________

Nevertheless, the word “amateur” does carry connotation that the 【M2】_________

person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community

and, in particular, may not fully share their values. The growth of 【M3】_________

specialization in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement

of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for

professional participation in science. The trend was naturally most 【M4】_________

obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or

laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development

of geology in the UK.

A comparison of British geological publications over the last century

and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis of the primacy of 【M5】_________

research, but also a changing definition of that constitutes an acceptable 【M6】_________

research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies

represented worthwhile research in their own right; and, in the 【M7】_________

twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to

professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect to the wider geological 【M8】_________

picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local

studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to

professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has

been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by

national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local

geological journals in the twentieth century. As is a logical consequence 【M9】_________

of this development, separate journals have now appeared aiming mainly 【M10】________

at either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of

differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together

nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs

have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together

nationally in a different way.

The process of acquiring self-discipline for the Japanese begins in

childhood. Indeed, one may say it begins at birth—how early the

Japanese child is given his own identity! If I was to define in a word the 【M1】_________

attitude of the Japanese toward their children, I would put it in a concise 【M2】_________

word—Love! Yes, abundance of love, warmly expressed from the

moment that he is put to his mother’s breast. For a mother this nursing 【M3】_________

of her child is psychologically important.

Rewards are frequent: a bit of candy bestowing at the right 【M4】_________

moment, an inexpensive toy. For time to enter school comes, however, 【M5】_________

discipline becomes firmer. To bring shame to the family is greatest 【M6】_________

shame for the child.

What is the secret of the Japanese teaching of self-discipline? It

lies, I think, in the fact which the aim of all teaching is the 【M7】_________

establishment of habit. Rules are repeated over and over, and

continually practiced until obedience becomes instinctive. This

repetition is enhanced by the expectation of the elders. They expect a

child to obey and to learn through obedience. The demand is gentle at

first and tempering to the child’s tender age. It is no more gentle as time 【M8】_________

goes on, and certainly it is increasingly inexorable.

Now, far away from that warm Japanese home, I reflect what I 【M9】_________

learned there. What, I wonder, will take place of the web of love and 【M10】________

discipline which for so many centuries has surrounded the life and

thinking of the people of Japan?