So many people say they struggle with names, even when they’re looking directly at the person whose name they’re trying to recall. Why does this happen? Why can we recognize someone’s face but not their name? We need to delve a bit deeper into how human memory works to grasp what’s really going on.

Firstly, faces are very informative. Expressions, eye contact, mouth movements, these are all fundamental ways humans communicate. Facial features also reveal a lot about a person: eye color, hair col-or, bone structure, teeth arrangement; all things that can be used to recognize a person.【G1】___________

Compared to all this, what does someone’s name have to offer? Potentially some clues as to their background or cultural origin, but in general it’s just a couple of words, a sequence of arbitrary syllables, a brief series of noises that you’re informed belong to a specific face.

As it turns out, for a random piece of conscious information to go from short-term memory to long-term memory, it usually has to be repeated and rehearsed.【G2】___________ If you meet someone and they’re the most beautiful person you’ve ever seen and you fall instantly in love, you’d be whispering the object of your affection’s name to yourself for weeks.

【G3】________________________________________

The trouble is, this approach takes time and uses mental resources. This means that something you’re thinking about can be easily overwritten or replaced by the next thing you encounter and have to process. When you first meet someone, it’s extremely rare for them to tell you their name and nothing else. You’re invariably going to be involved in a conversation about where you’re from, what you do for work, hobbies, that sort of thing.

One difference between short- and long-term memory is that they both have different overall preferences for the type of information they process. Short-term memory is largely aural, focusing on processing information in the form of words and specific sounds.【G4】______________

In contrast to this, the long-term memory also relies heavily on vision and semantic qualities (the meaning of words, rather than the sounds that form them).【G5】__________________

Overall, faces are more memorable than names because they’re more “tangible,” whereas remembering someone’s name is more likely to require full recall than simple recognition.

[A] The brain has many strategies for making the most of short-term memory, and one of these is that if you are provided with a lot of details in one go, the brain’s memory systems tend to emphasize the first thing you hear and the last thing you hear.

[B] This is why you have an internal monologue, and think using sentences and language, rather than a series of images like a film. Someone’s name is an example of aural information; you hear the words, and think of it in terms of the sounds that form them.

[C] This is because your memory associates the name you hear with the person you’re interacting with, so a connection is formed in your brain between person and name.

[D] This doesn’t usually happen when you meet someone, so if you wish to learn someone’s name, the only guaranteed way to remember it is to rehearse it while it’s still in your short-term memory.

[E] So much so that the human brain has seemingly evolved several features to aid and enhance facial recognition and processing, such as pattern recognition and a general predisposition to pick out faces in random images.

[F] So a rich visual stimulus, like, say, someone’s face, is more likely to be remembered long term than some random aural stimulus, like an unfamiliar name.

[G] However, you can sometimes skip this step, particularly if the information is attached to something deeply important or stimulating, meaning an episodic memory is formed.

The English word “empathy” came into being only about a century ago as a translation for the Ger-man psychological term Einfuhlung, literally meaning “feeling-in.” English-speaking psychologists suggested a handful of other translations for the word, including “animation,” “play,” “aesthetic sympathy,” and “semblance.” But in 1908 two psychologists from Cornell and the University of Cambridge suggested “empathy” for Einfuhlung, drawing on the Greek “em” for “in” and “pathos” for “feeling,” and it stuck.

【G1】_____________________

Some of the earliest psychology experiments on empathy focused on “kinaesthetic empathy,” a bodily feeling or movement that produced a sense of merging with an object. One subject imagining a bunch of grapes felt “a cool, juicy feeling all over.” The arts critics of the 1920s claimed that with empathy, audience members could feel as if they were carrying out the abstract movements of new modern dance.

By mid-century, empathy’s definition began to shift as some psychologists turned their attention to the science of social relations.【G2】__________________In the process, she deliberately rejected empathy’s early meaning of imaginative projection, and instead emphasized interpersonal connection as the core of the concept.

In the flurry of experimental studies of empathy that followed, psychologists began to differentiate “true” empathy, denned as the accurate appraisal of another’s thoughts or feelings, from what they called “projection.“【G3】_____________

In the past few decades, interest in empathy has spread beyond psychology to primatology and neuroscience.【G4】___________________Other recent studies have further widened empathy’s reach into fields like eco-nomics and literature, finding that wealth disparities weaken empathic response and that reading fiction can improve it.

But there is still some cultural debate about what empathy means today. And in the psychology community, the answers are no more clear-cut.【G5】_______________The social psychologist C. Daniel Batson, who has researched empathy for decades, argues that the term can now refer to eight different concepts: knowing another’s thoughts and feelings; imagining another’s thoughts and feelings; adopting the posture of another; actually feeling as another does; imagining how one would feel or think in another’s place; feeling distress at another’s suffering; feeling for another’s suffering, sometimes called pity or com-passion; and projecting oneself into another’s situation.

[A] In 1948, the experimental psychologist Rosalind Dymond Cartwright, in collaboration with her sociologist mentor, Leonard Cottrell, conducted some of the first tests measuring interpersonal empathy.

[B] In 1955, Reader’s Digest defined the term, which was new to the public outside of academia, as the “ability to appreciate the other person’s feelings without yourself becoming so emotionally involved that your judgment is affected.”

[C] But the psychologist Paul Bloom has argued that a sense of empathy can actually be “parochial and bigoted,” making it so “the whole world cares more about a little girl stuck in a well than they do about the possible deaths of millions and millions due to climate change.”

[D] Psychological studies find that empathy can reduce stereotypical thinking although sometimes empathy as emotion-sharing draws too much attention to an individual, standing in the way of effective social change.

[E] At the time the term was coined, empathy was not primarily a means to feel another person’s emotion, but the very opposite: To have empathy, in the early 1900s, was to enliven an object, or to project one’s own imagined feelings onto the world.

[F] In the 1990s, scientists studying monkeys discovered mirror neurons, cells in the animals’ brains that fired not only when a monkey moved, but also when the monkey saw another one make the same movement. The discovery of mirror neurons spurred a wave of research into empathy and brain activity that quickly extended to humans as well.

[G] Critics of the mirror-neuron theory, for example, question not only the location of these neurons in the human brain, but whether simulation of another’s gestures is a good description of empathy in the first place.

The time for sharpening pencils, arranging your desk, and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended. The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit, stand up, or lie down to write.【G1】____________________

Be flexible. Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next, but do not permit it to railroad you. If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it into the draft.【G2】_______

Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are saying. Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors.

【G3】_____________

Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way, and, if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will not lose any writing on the other side.

If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands. Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing.【G4】________________These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions.

Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing. The student who wrote “The A & P as a State of Mind” wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women.【G5】______________

Remember that your initial draft is only that. You should go through the paper many times — and then again — working to substantiate and clarify your ideas. You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper. Rewrite. The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic. Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts. Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.

[A] To make revising easier, leave wide margins and extra space between lines so that you can easily add words, sentences, and corrections. Write on only one side of the paper.

[B] After you have clearly and adequately developed the body of your paper, pay particular attention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs. It’s probably best to write the introduction last, after you know precisely what you are introducing. Concluding paragraphs demand equal attention because they leave the reader with a final impression.

[C] It’s worth remembering, however, that though a clean copy fresh off a printer may look terrific, it will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it. Many writers prudently store their data on disks and print their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems.

[D] It makes no difference how you write, just so you do. Now that you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made.

[E] Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis, which explains how the setting influences Sammy’s decision to quit his job. Instead of including that paragraph, she added one that described Lengel’s crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A & P “policy” he enforces.

[F] In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in “A & P,” the student brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal to accept Lengel’s store policies.

[G] By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say, you will very likely discover more than your notes originally suggested. Plenty of good writers don’t use outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write. Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first time around.

[A] Identify people who you want to talk to

[B] Find out where your support is

[C] Ask for the floor at conferences

[D] Offer to help

[E] Be aggressive in obtaining work experience

[F] Be careful about the routine work

[G] Perform your very best and be reliable

How to Make the Most of Your Internship

The quality of internships varies greatly. If you’re lucky, you may be assigned a mentor or supervisor who will take you to meetings and answer your questions. However, you may find that you don’t have enough to keep you busy or you may not know who to reach out to with questions. If you are in that position, here are some ways you can get more out of your internship.

【G1】_____________________________________

It may be uncomfortable to do or require digging, but you must figure out who can help you. If it’s completely unclear who you report to as an intern, talk with the human resources department. Ask a staff member to help you find out who should be assigning you work. While that person or people may not end up coming to you regularly with assignments, you will then know who to ask if there is work you can help them with.

【G2】______________________________________________

An internship can be more than just doing the routine work. Be observant: Are there conferences, meetings or events the organization puts on or does participating in that interest you? Ask your mentor if you can attend. Consider the work going on around you. If you’d like to learn the whole process from absorption of a client through the project management cycle and close out, ask if you can participate in different stages. If that’s not possible, ask if you can shadow your mentor throughout the process to see how it all works.

【G3】______________________________________

There may be people in the company you learn about through conversations or observation. If you’re interested in talking to them about their career path or to get their advice, don’t be afraid to ask. You’ll want to ask your mentor or human resources how they’d advise you approach those people with the request to have a brief conversation. Prepare for those meetings ahead of time by coming up with questions to ask each person. Not only are you learning more about the company, you may get ideas for your future career.

【G4】______________________________________________

Internships are often not extremely challenging, but you should do your very best no matter what the task is. Scan emails and reports for mistakes before you submit them. Make sure your copies capture the full page and are legible. Turning in flawless projects brings great dividends as you’ll maintain a positive impression with those who you work with. That impression will extend throughout the entirety of your career and life because while those people probably will not remember exactly what task you did, they’ll remember you did terrific work.

【G5】______________________________________________

Ask people if you can help them out. You cannot go wrong with this as long as you’re not going outside of your bounds as far as who you are contacting. Even though you may not always get an assignment from reaching out to different colleagues, your offer will likely be recalled positively. Someone may not need assistance at that moment, but may come back to you at a later time. It shows initiative, which will help you in your current and future career. And when you do help out, remember to do your very best.

[A] Getting carried away with the culture

[B] Carrying vast amount of luggage

[C] Staying on the road too long

[D] Wearing sexy clothing

[E] Judging other travelers

[F] Failing to respect the local culture

[G] Expecting everything to go to plan

There is no doubt that tourism provides a positive impact on tourist spots. It creates quality jobs for the local community, revives the local culture rather than destroying it, and encourages the protection and restoration of the environment. Yet not every traveler will receive warm welcome. On the contrary, some upset the locals and make fellow travelers retreat. Here is a listed some of the deadliest sins of travel. Pray you don’t commit them.

【G1】______________________________________________

OK, traveling for long periods of time is hardly a sin, provided you’re spending some cash, but if you stay away longer than you meant to, it can turn you into a less-than-agreeable traveler. You start to think that everyone you meet is out to rip you off, you get a little too confident when someone helps themselves to a spot ahead of you in line and the language barrier starts to be an annoying headache rather than an entertaining challenge.

【G2】______________________________________________

And at some point we’re all guilty of saying yes to a couple of cultural no-nos such as not moderating their clothing as they head from the sheltered environment of the hotel pool to the wider world of Egypt’s tombs. But sometimes those who’ve been wandering the world for great lengths of time feel that they know it all and can do no wrong. Remember sexy clothing, chugging beer and grabbing your boyfriend’s ass could well offend a few locals. And if you’ve upset the locals, it’ll be the next group of travelers who pay.

【G3】______________________________________________

Enveloping yourself in local customs is part of the reason we travel. We want to sample original flavors, see unusual architecture, learn foreign tongues and experience the new traditions that come with a different religion. But some travelers go too far: they put on the local traditional clothes to go about their daily affairs, would never dream of eating a hamburger and frown at the very notion of socializing with one of their countrymen. Respecting a culture is one thing, but adopting it as your own can sometimes cause offence. Plus you look ridiculous.

【G4】______________________________________________

No matter how many years you’ve been traveling the globe, things will always go wrong. Trains will break down, hotels will fill up, attractions will close on the only day you could possibly visit and food poisoning will put you out of action just as you had some life-affirming adventure planned. The key is to accept the setbacks as a natural part of your adventure. Expecting everything to run smoothly is to set foot on the road to disappointment and a way to ruin your trip.

【G5】______________________________________________

Travel snobs are people who consider themselves superior for a wealth of bizarre reasons. They travel for longer, rough it more, stray further from the beaten track or simply carry less luggage and therefore feel the need to look down on anyone who doesn’t meet their standards. Who cares if someone opts for package tours or carries vast amounts of designer luggage to their five-star hotels? If you spend your time sorting out the good travelers from the bad, you run the risk of ruining your trip.

[A] According to a two-year study, wearable fitness trackers designed to coax users into busting moves and burning calories throughout their daily lives didn’t help anyone lose weight. In fact, overweight dieters using the arm-mounted gizmos actually gained more weight on average than those using old-fashioned, tech-less dieting schemes. The study, published Tuesday in JAMA, contradicts earlier studies that found the trackers can boost weight loss. But those earlier trials tended to be smaller and shorter.

[B]For the study, Dr. Jakicic and his colleagues started with one of those effective behavioral interventions. They enrolled 471 young adults (aged 18-35) who were overweight (with an average weight of around 210 pounds) and wanted to slim down. For the first six months, the participants had to stick to a low-calorie diet, a prescribed fitness plan, log their progress in diet diaries, and attend weekly group counseling sessions.

[C] After six months, everyone had lost weight—about 17-19 pounds on average. Next, the participants were divided into two groups. One group got the fitness tracker for 18 months, while the other just had to log their activity into a study website (considered a standard dieting method). By the 24-month mark, many participants in both groups had regained some of the weight they lost in the first six months. Those on the standard plan were, on average, 13 pounds lighter than when they started the whole thing (before the six-month intervention). But those using the fitness trackers were, on average, only about 8 pounds lighter.

[D] Jakicic says future studies will be necessary to tease such potential factors out, plus test the effectiveness of different wearable fitness tracking devices. “Probably more importantly,” he said, “is for us to try to understand for whom and when these devices are actually very effective.” For some people, fitness trackers might work, he said. For others, they might backfire.

[E] Chiming in with reminders, data, and tips, our sleek gadgets and handy apps want to program us into being better versions of ourselves: more responsible, more productive, and healthier. But, sadly, some technology is no match for the chaotic code of an emotional human—particularly one struggling on a diet.

[F] While the results surprised the researchers, the data didn’t provide any clear clues as to why the fitness trackers seemed to sabotage dieters’ weight loss efforts. Perhaps the devices worked to get people moving, but then led them to be hungrier and overeat. Or it’s possible that people might have felt discouraged if they kept track of their fitness each day, felt they weren’t going to meet their daily goal, and then gave up early.

[G] The new data, the authors say, suggests that tossing technology at big problems, like fitness, diet, willpower, and motivation, isn’t straightforward and requires more nuanced, long-term studies. “I think we have to be a little bit cautious about simply thinking that what we can do is just add technology to these already effective interventions and expect better results,” lead study researcher John Jakicic, of the University of Pittsburgh, said in an interview with JAMA.

【G1】→A→【G2】→B→【G3】→【G4】→【G5】