Whether you’re the CEO of a Fortune 500 company, or a teenage

entrepreneur just starting out, communication skills are vitally

important. Great leaders motivate, encourage and inspire people, they 【M1】__________

also train people, share new ideas and negotiate. These activities have

one thing in addition: They all require excellent communication. 【M2】_________

In one of his books, Glenn Wilson writes: “If body language 【M3】_________

conflicts with the words that are being said, the body language will

usually be the more ’truthful’ in a sense of revealing true feelings.” 【M4】_________

That’s why the most successful leaders are always paying attention to

people’s unseeing language and nonverbal cues. 【M5】__________

When you’re able to find thoughts and sentiments that aren’t 【M6】_________

revealed by a person’s words, you have many clear advantages. Take

interviewing for example. By learning nonverbal signs, you can

oftentimes determine how honest a candidate is being with you. You can

also tell if someone is comfortable with what they are saying, and 【M7】_________

whether the person feels confident in what is said to you.

Also, when you know how to understand body language, you’ll be

able to master the art and science of projecting effective body language

to those along you. Exuding honesty, confidence and leadership is just as 【M8】_________

important as being able to read these traits in others. As you lack any or 【M9】_________

all of these skills, don’t be discouraged. Spend a little bit of time each

day learning, reading, and practicing essential communication techniques.

That may seem difficult to become an excellent communicator, but with 【M10】________

practice, you’ll soon discover that you can do it.

In his new book Language Unlimited, David Adger does not just

celebrate on language’s infinity. He maintains that it is the distinct result 【M1】__________

of a unique capacity, advancing series of arguments whose best-known 【M2】__________

exponent is Noam Chomsky.

The book’s first and strongest claim is what human language is 【M3】__________

different from animal communication not just in scope, but in kind.

Most importantly, it is hierarchy and nested in structure. A highly 【M4】__________

trained bonobo called Kanzi can obey commands such as “Give water to

Rose.” And Kanzi does no better than random chance when told to 【M5】_________

“Give water and lighter to Rose.” Meanwhile, a two-year-old child

testing alongside Kanzi quickly intuits that two nouns can make up a 【M6】__________

noun phrase, tucked as a direct object into a verb phrase, which in turn

is part of a sentence. This “recursive” structure is key to syntax.

The second claim is that language is innate, not merely an extent of 【M7】_________

general human intelligence. Fascinating evidence comes from children

who are deprived it. Deaf pupils at a school in Nicaragua, having never 【M8】_________

shared a language with anyone before, created a grammatically ornate

sign language on their own. A few deaf children in a Mexican family

revised a rich sign system with complex grammatical features found in 【M9】__________

spoken tongues: in their “homesign”, nouns are preceded by a

“classifier”, a sign indicating their type, just as they sometimes are in

Chinese. It seems the human mind simply cannot help but to deal with 【M10】_________

grammar.

Many animal and even plant species communicate with each other.

Humans are not unique in this capability. Therefore, human language is 【M1】_________

unique in being a symbol communication system that is learned instead of 【M2】_________

biologically inherited.

A word is one or more sounds that in combination have a special 【M3】_________

meaning assigned by a language. The symbolic meaning of words can be

so powerful that people are willing to risk their lives for them or take

the lives of others.

A major advantage of human language is being a learned symbolic 【M4】_________

communication system is that it is infinitely flexible. Meanings can be

changed and new symbols create. This is evidenced by the fact 【M5】_________

which new words are invented daily and the meaning of old ones 【M6】_________

changes. Languages evolve in response to changed historical and social 【M7】_________

conditions. Some language transformations typically occur in a

generation or less. For instance, the slang words used by your parents

were very likely different from it that you use today. You also probably 【M8】_________

are familiar with many technical terms, such as “text messaging” and

“high definition TV”, which were not in general use even a decade ago.

Language and speech are not the same thing. Speech is a broad

term simply referred to patterned verbal behavior. In contrast, a 【M9】_________

language is a set of rules for generating speech. A dialect is a variant of

a language. If it is associated with a geographically isolated speech

community, it is referred to a regional dialect. However, if it is spoken 【M10】________

by a speech community that is merely socially isolated, it is called a

social dialect which is mostly based on class, gender, age, and particular

social situations.