1998年医学博士外语真题试卷

Many of the natural areas where wild animals live are being destroyed. So zoos in the United States and other countries31 _to prevent rare animals from disappearing. The program is called captive breeding. It takes place in zoos which have the best conditions for wild animals to_32_.The goal of the program is to return_33_to their homes in the wild.

One animal saved_34_captive breeding is the golden lion tamarin. This rare monkey’ s only natural home is the forests on the Atlantic Coast of Brazil. In 1970, only two percent of those forests remained. The rest_35_destroyed to build towns. Only about 100 tamarins live in the Brazilian forest then. No more than 70 tamarins lived in_36_around the world._37_of scientists led by Devra Kleiman of the National Zoo in Washington created a program that increased the reproduction rate of the tamarins.

Now, about 250 tamarins live in a protected forest in Pocodas Antas, Brazil, near Rio de Janeirn; 560 tamarins live in zoos. Eighty live on special farms.

Other zoos also have been successful in_38_endangered animals reproduce. James Doglan of the San Diego Zoo in California says, that it is difficult_39_. Animal experts must teach the animals how to find food, how to protect._40_

_41_rare animal is called Przewalsk’s Horse. These homes_42_in Mongolia. They disappeared from the wild in 1968._43_, only thirteen of the rare horses lived in zoos.
Today, there are one thousand Przewalski’s Horses in zoos. Oliver Ryder of the zoological society of San Diego says the greatest problem now_44_a safe place for the homes to live in the wild.
A United States government program permits_45_citizens to own and protect endangered animals at their homes.

Medical studies show that only two to five per cent of the obese manage to shed
unwanted pounds permanently. The rest, after intermittent successes, regain or surpass their QQ：4006224468 医学考博英语一本通 118 咨询热线：400-622 4468（免长途话费）

starting weights within a couple of years. Why do most reducing programs fail in the long run, and so many dieters put back lost weight?
Some experts claim that the gloomy estimates of dieting failure may be exaggerated since some people do manage to keep off at least some weight, even though they may not achieve the svelte look they desire. Only those who fail dismally in their own dieting efforts enter format reduction programs. So, on an optimistic note, some health professionals point out that most studies never consider those who successfully keep weight off, don’ t seek medical advice and hence aren’ t counted in the statistics.
Another explanation for failure is that diets set up unreal expectations of a magical cure, often based on absurdly monotonous meal plans that cannot possibly be followed for long. And the very idea of dieting implies a temporary effort you go on the new eating regime only to come off ii. Once the diet is over and former eating habits taken up again, people often give themselves permission to binge on foods forbidden while dieting. A further obstacle to successful dieting is the exclusion of certain foods that acquire a special status. No food should be forbidden; it is better to work a little ice cream or dessert into your regime to avoid an irresistible urge to gorge on prohibited items.
The all too familiar cycle of yo-yo dieting-endless diets followed by weight regain-may leave dieters worse off than before. Some studies suggest that with each successive fast and feast, metabolic changes make the post-dieting weight regained higher in fat than muscle. Repeated dieting often produces depression, a sense of failure, an intense preoccupation with food, loss of self-esteem and stress from the continual deprivation.

Three centuries ago, a Dutch mathematician named Christian Huygens invented a new religion. He didn’t mean to. All he did was to build a pendulum clock that allowed people, for the first time in history, to keep track of hours and minutes accurately. But over the decades, this power attracted millions of followers.

The clock, however, is not omnipotent. Yes, it will get a lot of attention around the globe on New Year’s Eve, 1999, but that is the exception. Many cultures still march to different drummers. Time seems to move faster in Frankfurt than in San Salvador. Monks in Burma know it is time to get up when there is enough light to see the veins in their hands, and showing up on time is cause for ridicule in Mexico Robert Levine and his researchers visited sites around the world to measure the accuracy of public clocks and to time how long it takes downtown pedestrians to walk 60 feet and postal clerks to sell a stamp, in Switzerland, clocks are slow or fast by an average of just 19 seconds. In Brazil, one man was more than three hours off when he told Levine it was “exactly 2:14”. At the central post office in Jakarta, Levine was sent outside to street vendors.

Much of the world lives on what Levine calls “event time.”In Paris, you might set a business meeting for 3 p. m, but in Burundi, you ask how long it takes to get to the nearest market, you might get an answer like “the time it takes to cook rice.”

If that sounds appealing, don’t be too hasty to move abroad. Clock addiction is tough to break. Learning a new pace of life is like mastering a foreign language. And there are drawbacks to timeless living. You might be able to show up for work at your convenience. But you could spend a day or more waiting to make a telephone call. You feel slighted in the United States if your lunch date never shows; but in Kenya, a perfectly reasonable excuse is that on the way to meet you, he ran into a friend and decided to join him for lunch instead.

Levifie seems to think than the West is becoming more devoted to the clock with each passing minute. A new atomic clock is so accurate that it won’t be off by more than a second a million years from now. And clock worship appears to be spreading to the developing world, where vendors hawk watches on city streets. But often they are selling prestige rather than punctuality. On some of their watches, the hands don’t move.

Jack Clark and his wife Sally had invited their new neighbours from Saudi Arabia over for dinner on Saturday night. Both Jack and Sally were born here in the United Sates. Neither of them knew much about Saudi culture and they were looking forward to learning more about it from the Akbars. They were invited for 6: 30 pm, but both Jack and Sally had had a busy day running errands, and when the Akbars arrived at 6:30, Jack was out back washing the car and Sally was still in the kitchen preparing the cocktails and hors d’ oeuvres. In an attempt to be friendly and to put the Akbars at ease, Jack suggested that Mr. Akbar might like to help him finish washing the car, and Sally “Wen, in that case, Mrs. Akbar can help me in the kitchen.” Mr. and Mrs. Akbar looked at each other with what Sally believed to be a disturbed expression on their faces, but she interpreted that to mean that they were embarrassed for having arrived before the Clarks were ready. Sally ushered, Mrs. Akbar into the kitchen and gave her an apron to put on so she wouldn’t dirty her dress, and Jack went off to the back yard with Mr. Akbar to finish washing the car.

About thirty minutes later, all tasks completed, Jack excused himself to go off to shower and dress, and said he would join them for cocktails in a few minutes. Sally gave them a choice of wine, beer, Scotch, or vodka. When they declined them all, she thought they were just being polite and she poured them both some white wine. Neither of them touched their drinks, nor did they eat very much. Jack cleared the table and served dessert, while Sally tried to make conversation turned to Jack’s recent golf game and Sally’s new promotion. Mrs. Akbar did not ask about Sally’s job, but Sally offered the information that she had just been promoted to vice-president of the bank she works for Sally seemed disappointed when she asked Mrs, Akbar what she did, and Mrs. Akbar said she took care of her children and husband. When the Akbars left that night, Jack and Sally agreed that the evening had not been very successful, but they didn’t know why.

Shrove Tuesday is the day before the beginning of Lent, the 40-day period before Easter in the Christian year. It is celebrated in many different ways all over the world, but in England is traditionally associated with the cooking and eating of pancakes—so much so that it is often called Pan Cake Day.

At Olney, a small town in England, Shrove Tuesday is Pancake Race Day. The race is said to have first been run there in 1445 and has continued more or less ever since with occasional interruptions as, for example, during the Second World War.

It is a race for woman only. They must be housewives and live in the area. They have to cook a pancake and run about 400 meters from the village square to the parish church, tossing their pancake three times as they run. They have to wear aprons and cover their heads with a hat or scarf. A bell rings twice for the women to start making their pancakes and then again for them to assemble in the square, carrying their cooked pancakes in a frying pan. There they wait for the bell to ring again and the race starts. Sometimes one of the pancakes drops on the group, but the runner is allowed to pick it up and toss it again.

The winner and the runner-up both get a prize from the vicar who is waiting at the church door. The verger who helps to look after the church, gets a kiss from the winner and often her pancake as well. Then all the runners take their frying pans with the pancakes into the church and a short service is held.

The pancake race, with the women flying along, tossing and trying to catch their pancakes, provides a great, deal of entertainment and is frequently shown on television. In 1950, a similar pancake race was organized in Kansas, USA, and has continued ever since. It takes place on the same day, at exactly the same time. Times are clocked on both sides of the Atlantic and there is keen competition to see whether the British or American housewives run faster.

Edna was not in the least surprised by my offer. I hitched the traveling-can containing the food on to the carrier. I didn’t want to ride on the rough approach to the house so I rolled the bicycle the short distance from the house to the mad while Edna walked beside me. Mounting the vehicle with the can on the back and Edna on the cross-bar proved a little tricky, t solved the problem by getting on the seat first and keeping the bicycle stationary with one foot resting firmly on the ground. Then Edna climbed on the bar sitting sideways; and I pushed off. The excitement of having her so close within my arms and the perfume of her hair in my nose would have proved overpowering if I’d had much time to consider it. I hadn’t. The road to the hospital turned out to be quite hilly, not steep but just enough to take
the wind out of one; and with the kind of passenger I had, I didn’t care to admit too readily to being tired. So I raced up all the little hillocks until my heart raged like a bonfire.

“You are very strong,’ said Edna.

“Why?” I said, or rather puffed out, in one enormous expiration, as I rounded the summit ofyet another small hill.

“You are eating all the hills like yam. ’

“I haven’t seen any hill yet,” I replied, getting back some of my breath as I pedaled freely down the small, friendly descent that followed. These words were hardly out of my mouth when a stupid sheep and her four or five lambs rushed out of the roadside on my left. I braked sharply. Unfortunately Edna’s back was resting on my left arm and prevented me applying the brake on that side effectively. So only the brake on the front wheel performed fully. The bicycle pitched forward and crashed on the road. Edna was thrown farther up the road and as soon as I got up, I rushed to help her to her feet again. Then I turned to gaze at the food in the sandy road. I could have wept.

I just stood looking at it and biting my lip. Then Edna burst into nervous laughter which completed my humiliation. I didn’t want to look at her. Without taking my eyes from the food I murmured that I was very sorry.

I remember very clearly the morning that George came to school for the first time. He was late and prayers had already been said when his father led him through the schoolroom to the headmaster’s desk on the platform. I could see that he was frightened by the way he held on to his father’ s hand and I felt a trifle sorry for him that he needed a hand to clutch for support in what seemed to me no great ordeal. I think now that there was also in me a little envy of his fortune in having a father’s hand to clutch. The headmaster greeted George’s father warmly and it was clear that they were friends and that George would be one of the boys who would get special treatment, being the son of the head’s friend. That made me angry, I remember. What made me even more angry was that George was put straight into the second standard. This seemed a monstrous piece of favoritism.
But it did not last long. By the next morning George was among us humbler folk in the first standard; he could read very well and on this basis had been put into the class above, but the teacher soon found out that George couldn’t do sums and so, according to the rule which counted skill at sums at superior to all other skills, George had to be demoted. They put him to sit next to me. He was crying from the public shame. I wanted to comfort him but I could think of no way of doing it. He had a new pencil which for some reason would not write. I had an old cigarette tin full of pencil ends (in all my school days I never had a whole pencil) and I gave him one and showed him how to lick the tip with his tongue to make it write. We became friends from that moment and I never ceased to be proud of myself for that simple gesture. I have done nothing in my life since which has pleased me more.

A 13-year-old schoolgirl was brought to the Neurological Outpatient Clinic by her mother and the following history was obtained. The second child of her parents, the patient was born normally after an uneventful pregnancy and labour. She subsequently passed the usual early milestones of development at average times and commenced attending school at 5 years of age. However, despite repeating a school year on two occasions she was usually at the bottom of a class of 35-40 pupils. Her mother first noticed a reddish, pimply eruption over the patient’ s chin at the age of 8 or9 years and though she tried numerous skin ointments and lotions the eruption persisted and gradually extended to involve the nose and cheeks. The mother was more emotionally embarrassed by this eruption than was the patient herself who appeared little concerned. A dermatologist was consulted when the patient was 12 years old and he informed the parents that not much could be done for the skin condition though he advised a neurological consultation. Nevertheless, no further action was taken by the girl’ s parents; for about 15 months, when a nocturnal seizure occurred, leading to the neurological consultation a few days later. The seizure took place about 4 o’ clock one morning. The parents were awakened by “a half-strangled scream”, and on entering the patient’s bedroom found her lying stiff and unconscious with her teeth clenched and her limbs jerking. This persisted for a minute or two, and then the patient appeared dazed and confused for about an hour and could not speak properly. After this she fell into a deep sleep for several hours. During the seizure the patient had bitten the inside of her cheek and had been incontinent of urine. By lunch time that day the patient said she felt well apart from a slight frontal headache. Enquiries into family history yielded no history of similar skin disorder, seizures or mental defect in the patient’s elder brother, two younger sister, parents or grandparents.