For more than a century following the Industrial Revolution, rural and small-town young people left home to pursue survival in commercial metropolises. According to the American story, those who【C1】_____in urban centers had “made it”—a capitalist triumph for the individual, a damaging loss for the【C2】__he left. We often refer to this as “brain drain” from the remote areas,【C3】_____that those who stay lack the merit or ability to “get out”. But that old notion is getting dusty.

The nation’s most populous cities—New York and Los Angeles—are experiencing population【C4】_____, most likely【C5】__by unaffordability. Last year, a Gallup poll found that【C6】__roughly 80 percent of us live in urban areas, respondents most wished for a 【C7】_____life.

If【C8】_____is what they seek, those folks are onto something. A 2018 study found that【C9】_____economic and health concerns, most rural Americans are pretty happy and hopeful.

Forty percent of rural adults said their lives had come【C10】________better than they expected.

As for cultural woes, those among them under age 50, as well as people of color, showed notably higher acknowledgment of discrimination and commitment to social progress.

【C11】_____, it was a picture not of a dying place but one that is【C12】_____.

This return—or【C13】_____to leave—is good news for Americans who will happily remain in cities: Rural spaces are【C14】__with suburban and urban areas by way of food production, natural resources, the economy and beyond. Policymakers have【C15】__an unprecedented spate of progressive rural policy plans. They suggest actions【C16】__which many rural leaders have argued-investing in rural people and economies to lead a Green New Deal,【C17】_____oppressive middlemen in moving food from producers to eaters and much more.

The concept of home is subjective. But we have long interpreted it at the【C18】_____of forces such as capitalism and industrialization. The resulting social imbalance is a(n)【C19】__crisis. Mobility is a virtue of freedom. Staying-or returning-is a(n)【C20】_____virtue.

Global warming is causing more than 300,000 deaths and about $125 billion in economic losses each year, according to a report by the Global Humanitarian Forum, an organization led by Annan, the former United Nations secretary general.

The report, to be released Friday, analyzed data and existing studies of health, disaster, population and economic trends. It found that human-influenced climate change was raising the global death rates from illnesses including malnutrition (营养不良) and heat-related health problems.

But even before its release, the report drew criticism from some experts on climate and risk, who questioned its methods and conclusions.

Along with the deaths, the report said that the lives of 325 million people, primarily in poor countries, were being seriously affected by climate change. I projected that the number would double by 2030.

Roger Pielke Jr, a political scientist at the University of Colorado, Boulder, who studies disaster trends, said the Forum’s report was “a methodological embarrassment” because there was no way to distinguish deaths or economic losses related to human-driven global warming amid the much larger losses resulting from the growth in populations and economic development in vulnerable (易受伤害的) regions. Dr. Pielke said that “climate change is an important problem requiring our utmost attention”. But the report, he said, “will harm the cause for action on both climate change and disasters because it is so deeply flawed (有瑕疵的).”

However, Soren Andreasen, a social scientist at Dalberg Global Development Partners who supervised the writing of the report, defended it, saying that it was clear that the numbers were rough estimates. He said the report was aimed at world leaders, who will meet in Copenhagen in December to negotiate a new international climate treaty.

In a press release describing the report, Mr. Annan stressed the need for the negotiations to focus on increasing the flow of money from rich to poor regions to help reduce their vulnerability to climate hazards while still curbing the emissions of the heart-trapping gases. More than 90％ of the human and economic losses from climate change are occurring in poor countries, according to the report.

In much of the rich world, 65 still marks the beginning of old age. Jobs end, subsidized bus travel begins and people start to be seen as a financial burden rather than an asset to the state. The larger the “65-plus” group becomes, compared with the population of working age, the more policymakers worry about the costs of their health care and pensions. By the end of the century the “old-age dependency ratio”, which tracks this relationship, will triple. Pessimists predict a “silver tsunami” that will bankrupt us all. But does it still make sense to call 65-year-olds “old”?

The Oxford English dictionary defines “old” as “having lived for a long time”. It illustrates the sense with an accompanying phrase, “the old man lay propped up on cushions”: the old person as one who has made all the useful contributions he can possibly make to society and is now at rest. When pensions were first introduced in Prussia, in the 1880s, this was probably a fair characterisation for anyone over 65. Not many people lived beyond this age; those who did were rarely in good health. But today many 65-year-olds are healthy and active. Donald Trump (71) may be many things, but old he is not, nor for that matter is Vladimir Putin (64), who qualifies for his bus pass in October. Yet governments and employers still treat 65 as a cliff’s edge beyond which people can be regarded as “old”: inactive, and an economic burden.

This is wrong, for three reasons. First, what “old” means is relative. Today the average-65-year-old German can expect to live another 20 years. So can most people in other rich countries, meaning old age now arguably kicks in later than before. Second, the term carries an underlying implication about health, or at least fitness. But healthy-life expectancy has grown roughly in tandem with life expectancy;for many, 70 really is the new 60. Third, surveys show that the majority of younger over-65-year-olds increasingly want to stay actively involved in their communities and economies. Few want to retire in the literal sense of the word, which implies withdrawing from society as a whole. Many want to continue working but on different terms than before, asking for more flexibility and fewer hours.

The sight of eight long black legs moving over the floor makes some people scream and run—and women are four times more likely to take fright than men. Now a study suggests that females are genetically prone to develop fears for potentially dangerous animals.

David Rakison, a developmental psychologist at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh,

Pennsylvania, found that baby girls only 11 months old rapidly start to associate pictures of spiders with fear. Baby boys remain merrily indifferent to this connection.

In an initial training phase Rakison showed 10 baby girls and boys a picture of a spider together with a fearful face. In the following test phase he let them watch the image of a spider paired with a happy face, and the image of a flower paired with a fearful face.

Despite the spider’s happy companion, the girls looked significantly longer at it than at the flower. The researchers took this to mean that the girls expected spiders to be linked with fear. The boys looked for an equal time at both images.

With a different group of babies, Rakison first showed a spider with a happy face, and a flower with a fearful face. Now the girls too looked at both images for the same length of time—implying that they did not have an inborn fear of spiders.

The results suggest that girls are more inclined than boys to learn to fear dangerous animals. By contrast, says Rakison, modern phobias (恐惧) such as fear of flying or injections show no sex difference.

He attributes the difference to behavioural differences between men and women among our hunter-gatherer ancestors. A dislike for spiders may help women avoid dangerous animals, but in men evolution seems to have favoured more risk-taking behaviour for successful hunting.

It makes evolutionary sense to acquire spider fear at a certain age, rather than to be born with it, he adds. “There is little reason for an infant to fear an object unless it can respond to it, for example by crawling away,” he says.

But if being scared of spiders is genetically inclined, is there any point in seeing a psychiatrist? “Even if a person is heavily inclined to develop spider phobia, exposure therapy would still be effective,” says Jaime Derringer, a clinical psychologist from Washington University in St. Louis. “But it may be more difficult to eliminate the association between spiders and a fearful response,” she says.

Basically, there are three types of fatigue: physical, pathological (病理的), and psychological. As you might suspect, each differs significantly from the others.

When you exercise your body, you produce waste products. Muscles, for example, discard lactic acid (乳酸) into the blood; cells dump in carbon dioxide. When these wastes reach a certain level in the blood, the brain is notified and your activity level drops. Excess wastes in the muscles may produce soreness. If the blood of a physically fatigued animal is injected into a rested animal, it will produce fatigue. The solution to this type of fatigue is simple—rest. That should revive you; if it doesn’t, another cause should be sought.

Have you ever become involved in so many activities that you had to be in two places at once? This is what happens when your body has a disease. The cells are overtaxed and cannot keep up with both fighting the disease and keeping you active. The result is fatigue. Some communicable diseases like the flu and colds are notorious for draining your energy.

Other non-communicable diseases, like anemia (贫血), drain you because you are lacking an important body ingredient. Being overweight can cause pathological fatigue. It should be obvious that this type of fatigue is not going to go away without treatment. In a way,pathological fatigue is a lifesaver. It lets you know something is wrong and that you need rest. Even a poor diet can produce pathological fatigue. Frequently, people who go on crash diets develop pathological fatigue, and if the diet is not improved, they may do physical harm to their bodies.

Here is the most common type of fatigue. Almost everybody experiences it now and then. Often, the cause is an emotional war you are waging with yourself or those around you. Some of these familiar factors can bring on psychological fatigue: worries, stress, lack of exercise, boredom, depression. If you know someone with psychological fatigue, would you advise him to rest? No way! That might be fine for our other types of fatigue, but for this one, it’s deadly. If you are ever going to be able to cope with stress, depression, or worry, you need oxygen in your cells and a more optimistic attitude. Get out of the chair and do something! Believe it or not, many people throw themselves into physical labor like cleaning or carpentry to “de-fatigue” themselves. If you find yourself in a particularly stressful situation that you can’t physically escape, escape mentally. When fatigue continues, maybe you need to get to the root of the problem.

Schools in England are braced for turmoil on Thursday when about 250,000 pupils are due to receive their A-level results following the cancellation of exams due to the coronavirus pandemic. Grades will be issued according to an algorithm that relies on a school’s recent exam history and each pupil’s past exam results, as well as grades submitted by teachers.

Professor Kalwant Bhopal of the University of Birmingham said, “Many students felt the pandemic would increase inequalities within schools, including those of race and ethnicity and those related to different types of schools. They felt that sitting exams was one way of proving their ability despite such inequalities and that this opportunity had been taken away from them.”

Prime Minister Boris Johnson, visiting a school in east London on Monday, said he understood the fears of pupils awaiting results. “Clearly, because of what has happened this year, there is some anxiety about what grades pupils are going to get, and everybody understands the system that the teachers are setting the grades, then there’s a standardisation system. We will do our best to ensure that the hard work of pupils is properly reflected.”

Schools were asked to submit the grades they thought students would have received if they had sat the exams, as well as pupil rankings, and exam boards have moderated those grades, taking into account the prior attainment of the pupil and their school, to ensure this year’s results are not significantly higher than previous years.

The former head of Ofsted the schools watchdog, Sir Michael Wilshaw said he thought the system was “grossly unfair” and called for students to have an individual right of appeal. “I think it’s a mess and I think there will be huge injustices,” he said. “The results will be based on the previous performance of schools and not of individual students. Having worked in schools that have failed an inspection or are in special measures, you will always find children who buck the trend and are doing very well. Individual students must have the right to appeal.”

In her letter to vice-chancellors, the universities minister, Michelle Donelan, called on institutions to be flexible and take into account a range of evidence when choosing which students to admit. “We expect the vast majority of grades to be accurate, but it is essential that we have this safety net for young people who may otherwise be held back from moving on to their chosen route,” she wrote.

Labour’s Kate Green, the shadow education secretary, added, “The government was warned weeks ago about the lack of proper process to address the potential unequal impact on children from different backgrounds, but they were too slow to react. It’s not good enough for the prime minister to simply say he recognises the concern. Ministers must give a cast-iron guarantee that the process will be fair and transparent.”

Gavin Williamson, the education secretary, said, “I’m confident in the system the exam regulator Ofqual has put in place is fundamentally a fair one that will award the vast majority of students a calculated grade that genuinely reflects the grade they would have achieved. We know that without exams even the best system is not perfect. That is why I welcome the fact that Ofqual has introduced a robust appeal system, so every single student can be treated fairly—and today we are asking universities to do their part to ensure every young person can progress to the destination they deserve.”

[A] believes that exams are the best way to evaluate a student’s ability.

[B] urges that the government should do more than just pay lip service.

[C] suggests that colleges need to take a wide range of admission factors into consideration to protect students that are unfairly graded.

[D] argues that good students in poorly performing schools will probably be downgraded and they should have the opportunity for grade appeals.

[E] holds that the exam regulatory body has done the best it could and now it is time universities did their job.

[F] says that the coronavirus pandemic has raised concerns among students over rising educational inequalities.

[G] declares that the government is committed to making sure calculated grades genuinely reflect students’ effort.