Individuals and businesses have legal protection for intellectual property they create and own.

Intellectual proper【C1】_____from creative thinking and may include products,【C2】_____processes, and ideas.

Intellectual property is protected【C3】_____misappropriation. Misappropriation is taking the intellectual property of others without【C4】_____compensation and using it for monetary gain.

Legal protection is provided for the【C5】________of intellectual property. The three common types of legal protection are patents, copyrights, and trademarks.

Patents provide exclusive use of inventions. If the U.S. Patent Office【C6】_____a patent, it is confirming that the intellectual property is【C7】__. The patent prevents others from making, using, or selling the invention without the owner’s【C8】_____for a period of 20 years.

Copyrights are similar to patents【C9】_____that they are applied to artistic works. A copyright protects the creator of an【C10】__artistic or intellectual work, such as a song or a novel. A copyright gives the owner exclusive rights to copy,【C11】__, display, or perform the work. The copyright prevents others from using and selling the work, the【C12】__of a copyright is typically the lifetime of the author【C13】_____an additional 50 years.

Trademarks are words, names, or symbols that identify the manufacturer of a product and【C14】_____it from similar others. A service mark is similar to a trademark【C15】__is used to identify services. A trademark prevents others from using the【C16】__or a similar word, name, or symbol to take advantage of the recognition and【C17】__of the brand or to create confusion in the marketplace.【C18】__registration, a trademark is usually granted for a period of ten years. It can be【C19】__for additional ten-year periods indefinitely as【C20】_____as the mark’s use continues.

One of the benefits of encouraging consumers to form desirable habits is that it can create positive spillover: People like to be consistent, so if they adopt one sustainable behavior, they are often apt to make other positive changes in the future. After IKEA【C1】_____a sustainability initiative called Live Lagom, it studied the sustainability journey in depth among a【C2】__group of its customers. The company found that【C3】__people may begin with a【C4】__step—such as reducing household food【C5】__—they often move on to act in other domains, such as energy conservation. IKEA【C6】__a snowball effect as well: People would begin with small actions and build to more meaningful ones. For example, buying LED light【C7】__might lead to wearing warmer clothing and turning down the thermostat, changing curtains and blinds to【C8】__heat loss, insulating doors and windows, buying energy-【C9】_____appliances, installing a programmable thermostat, and so on.

It is important to remember that【C10】_____spillover can occur too: A sustainable action may lead someone【C11】__subsequently behave less sustainably. Termed licensing by researchers, this occurs【C12】__a consumer feels that an initial ethical action【C13】__permission to behave less【C14】__in the future. In one example, researchers found that people who had performed a virtual green shopping task were less likely to behave prosocially than those who had performed a virtual conventional shopping task. In other examples, people use more paper when they can show that they are recycling.【C15】_____, car models with increased fuel efficiency may lead people to drive more miles.

Companies can take【C16】_____to lessen the risk of negative spillover. They can ensure that the first sustainable action is particularly effortful,【C17】__seems to build commitment. In one study, participants who had engaged in token support for a cause that demonstrated to others that they were “good people”—such as joining a “public” Facebook group or【C18】__an online petition—were less likely to engage in a private task later. However, those who privately joined a Facebook group or signed a petition were more likely to see the cause as reflecting their true values and to follow【C19】__. Note that this differs from the earlier example of giving pins to hotel guests who choose energy-efficient options, because in that study wearing a pin was【C20】_____tied to a commitment to perform a sustainable action.