[A] capability [B] convey [C] decreasingly [D] evolutionary [E] genus

[F] increasingly [G] intellectual [H] intelligent [I] investigate [J] mapped

[K] origins [L] species [M] structural [N] trace [O] transport

Thanks to the field of linguistics we know much about the development of the 5000 plus languages in existence today. We can describe their grammar and pronunciation and see how their spoken and written forms have changed over time. For example, we understand the【C1】_____of the Indo-European group of languages, which includes Norwegian, Hindi and English, and can【C2】_____them back to tribes in eastern Europe in about 3000 BC.

So, we have【C3】________a great deal of the history of language, but there are still areas we know little about.

Experts are beginning to look to the field of【C4】_____biology to find out how the human【C5】_____developed to be able to use language. So far, there are far more questions and half-theories than answers.

We know that human language is far more complex than that of even our nearest and most【C6】_____relatives like chimpanzees (黑猩猩). We can express complex thoughts,【C7】__subtle emotions and communicate about abstract concepts such as the past and the future. And we do this following a set of【C8】__rules, known as grammar. Do only humans use an innate system of rules to govern the order of words? Perhaps not. Some research may suggest dolphins share this【C9】_____because they are able to recognize when these rules are broken.

If we want to know why we can use complex language, we should find out the difference between our brains and the animal brains. Our brains became able to make our mouths produce vowel and consonant sounds and any more progress in language was simply a response to our【C10】________civilized way of living together.

[A] accessing [B] amounts [C] contact [D] eliminate [E] enhance

[F] environmentally [G] excessive [H] impact [I] indicating [J] maintainable

[K] normally [L] promising [M] response [N] sustainable [O] systematic

Many major supermarket chains have been criticized for various unethical acts over the past decade. They’ve wasted tons of food and they’ve contributed to【C1】_____plastic waste in their packaging, which has had its【C2】_____on our environment.

But supermarkets and grocers are starting to sit up and take notice. In【C3】_____to a growing consumer backlash (抵制) against the huge【C4】__of plastic waste generated by plastic packaging, some of the largest UK supermarkets have signed up to a pact【C5】__to transform packaging and cut plastic wastage. Supermarkets are now beginning to take some responsibility for the part they play in contributing to the damage to our environment, with one major supermarket announcing their plan to【C6】_____all plastic packaging in their own-brand products by 2023.

In answer to criticisms over food waste, some supermarkets are donating some of their food surplus. However, charities estimate that they are only【C7】_____two per cent of supermarkets’ total food surplus, so this hardly seems to be solving the problem. Some say that supermarkets are simply not doing enough. Most supermarkets operate under a veil of secrecy when asked for exact figures of food wastage, and without more transparency it is hard to come up with a【C8】_____approach to avoiding waste and to redistributing surplus food.

Some smaller companies are now taking matters into their own hands and offering consumers a greener, more【C9】_____friendly option. There is no doubt that we still have a long way to go in reducing food waste and plastic waste. But perhaps the major supermarkets might take inspiration from these smaller grocers and gradually move towards a more【C10】_____future for us all.

[A] avoid [B] biologically [C] chemically [D] ingredients [E] maintains

[F] market [G] maximizes [H] minimizes [I] normal [J] options

[K] personal [L]rare [M] reduces [N] regular [O] substances

You might think aspirin and ibuprofen (布洛芬) have the same function in terms of pain relief, but they’re not.

With all the drugstore【C1】_____for pain relief, you might be puzzled by which one to take and when. They’re both non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID)—pain relievers that have been on the【C2】_____for years.

The two are similar—but not interchangeable.

Only aspirin, not ibuprofen, belongs to a group of【C3】_____related compounds called salicylates which are a group of chemicals found in nature that have been used to treat health conditions for thousands of years. Both aspirin and ibuprofen relieve pain by blocking prostaglandins—natural hormone-like【C4】__in the body—and this【C5】_____pain and swelling.

A daily, low-dose of aspirin could help prevent a heart attack. That’s because aspirin【C6】_____blood clumping and keeps blood flowing to your heart. Consult with the doctor before starting daily or【C7】__aspirin therapy. Anyone with an aspirin allergy or history of bleeding should【C8】_____this therapy.

Young people under 12 years old should use ibuprofen if they are recovering from flu-like symptoms or chickenpox. Aspirin is not an option because it can be deadly for teens and children under 12. Aspirin increases the risk of developing a serious, even fatal condition, known as Reye’s syndrome. Although Reye’s can in【C9】_____cases occur in infants or young adults, it is most often a risk in people under 18 who have had a viral infection like the flu and take an aspirin-containing medication. Ibuprofen’s effect on blood cells or platelets is less significant, making it an option for【C10】_____relief.